Abstract: G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) is a G protein-coupled receptor whose functional diversity is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including receptor dimerization and epigenetic modifications. It is involved in the development of the nervous system, injury repair, and the progression of various neurological diseases. This study integrated a three-dimensional functional network of neurodevelopment-injury repair-metabolic regulation to elucidate the normal developmental process and pathological progression of GPR17 in the nervous system. In the nervous system, GPR17 participates in the fate regulation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and the activation of microglia, and also affects the pluripotency regulation of neural precursor cells and adult neural tissues. Under neuropathological conditions such as demyelinating diseases, brain injuries, and gliomas, GPR17 expression is abnormal. Inhibiting its expression can alleviate myelin sheath damage, while activating its expression can induce the differentiation and apoptosis of glioma cells. Additionally, GPR17 is involved in the regulation of metabolism, aging, and cognitive dysfunction. Although significant progress has been made in current research, the signal transduction mechanisms during development and the specific action pathways in neurological diseases still require further exploration. Given the multifunctionality and key role of GPR17 in the nervous system, this field holds promise for providing novel ideas and therapeutic strategies for neural development, injury repair, and the treatment of related diseases.