Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of bone cement injection during vertebroplasty on adjacent vertebral fracture in patients with osteoporotic compression fracture. Methods A total of 106 patients with osteoporotic compression fractures were selected and randomly divided into control group and observation group. The control group was treated with artificial bone injection during vertebroplasty, while observation group was treated with bone cement injection during vertebroplasty. Incidence of adjacent vertebral fracture were analyzed and compared between two groups. Results One month after operation, the total effective rate of the observation group was 98.11%, which was significantly higher than 92.45% of the control group(P<0.05). At 1 month, 3 months and 1 year after operation, the incidence rates of adjacent vertebral fractures was 0%, 1.89% and 3.77% respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). At 7 days and 3 months after operation, the heights of the anterior edge and posterior edge of the injured vertebrae in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the Cobb angle, Oswestry dysfunction index(ODI)and visual analogue score(VAS)were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). One month after operation, the total incidence of complications in the observation group was 5.67%, which was significantly lower than 9.44% in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion The injection of bone cement during vertebroplasty can reduce incidence rate of adjacent vertebral fracture in patients with osteoporotic compression fracture.