Abstract: Objective To compare the effect of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy(PELD)and lumbar discectomy with vertebral?fenestration in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods A total of 200 patients with lumbar disc herniation were randomly divided into two groups, with 100 cases in each group. Control group was treated by lumbar discectomy with vertebral fenestration, while study group was treated by PELD. The efficacy was compared between two groups. Results The operation time, time to get out of bed for activity, hospitalization time, intraoperative bleeding volume and incision length of the study group were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05). At 3 and 6 months after operation, the Oswestry dysfunction index(ODI)in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the excellent and good rate of MacNa in the study group was 92.00%, which was significantly higher than 82.00% in the control group(P<0.05). The incidence rate of postoperative complications in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion PELD is safe and effective in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, which has the characteristics of less trauma, less bleeding, fast recovery and fewer complications, and it can improve lumbar function.