Abstract: Objective To observe the effect of posterior pedicle screw internal fixation combined with vertebroplasty in the treatment of patients with thoracolumbar fractures. Methods Eighty patients with thoracolumbar fractures were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 cases in each group. Control group was treated with posterior pedicle screw internal fixation, and observation group was treated with posterior pedicle screw internal fixation and vertebroplasty. The therapeutic effect was compared between the two groups. Results The intra-operative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.01). After treatment, the kyphosis Cobb's angles and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)scores in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the kyphosis Cobb's angle and VAS score of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.01). There were 1 case of nerve root injury and 2 cases of infection in the control group, and 1 case of infection in the observation group. There was no significant difference in incidence of complications between the two groups(P>0.05). After treatment, the item score of Medical Outcomes Study Item Short Form for Health Survey(SF-36)in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Posterior pedicle screw internal fixation combined with vertebroplasty is an effective treatment for patients with thoracolumbar fractures, which can significantly improve the quality of life and activity function of patients.