Abstract: Objective To observe the clinical effects of percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP)in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures(OVCF). Methods The clinical data of 126 patients with OVCF was retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-nine patients treated with PKP were included in the PKP group, and 57 patients treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP)were included in the PVP group. The operative situation and postoperative complications of the two groups were observed, and the changes of the injured vertebral correction(anterior edge height, vertebral compression rate, Cobb angle), pain degree ［Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score］ and vertebral function ［Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)score］ of the two groups were compared. Results The operative time in the PKP group was shorter, fluoroscopy frequency and bone cement amount were greater than those in the PVP group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in bleeding amount between the two groups(P>0.05). At 6 months after operation, the anterior height of injured vertebrae in the two groups was increased compared with that before operation, and the height in the PKP group was larger than that in PVP group(P<0.05). The vertebral compression rates were lower and Cobb angles were smaller in the two groups than those before operation, and the above indexes in the PKP group were lower than those in the PVP group(P<0.05). After surgery, VAS scores in both groups gradually decreased, and the intra-group difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). VAS scores before surgery and 3 days after surgery between the two groups showed no significant- differences(P>0.05). At 6 months after surgery, VAS score in the PKP group was significantly lower than that in the PVP group(P<0.05). After operation, ODI scores in both groups gradually decreased, and the intra-group difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in ODI scores between the two groups before surgery, 1 week and 6 months after surgery(P>0.05). The total incidence rate of complications in the PKP group was significantly lower than that in the PVP group(P<0.05). Conclusion PKP and PVP for OVCF have similar effects in improving the vertebral body function of patients. PVP has shorter operative time and less intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency. PKP is more advantageous in correcting the deformity of injured vertebrae, relieving the pain and improving the safety of treatment.