Abstract: Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by injury of central or peripheral nervous system or diseases, and characterized by spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia, abnormal pain and paresthesia. Treatment of NP remains a challenge because many patients do not receive adequate pain relief based on treatment of clinical experience and clinical trial results. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are mesenchymal derived pluripotent stem cells that can be isolated from many adult tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic, tissue remodeling, and angiogenic effects. This article reviewed the roles and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in NP, providing new ideas for NP treatment.