Research progress of estimated plasma volume in heart failure

Hyperemia may be caused by excessive neurohormonal activation and is manifested as peripheral edema and pulmonary edema, which is one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF). Therefore, recognition of hyperemia is of great clinical significance in diagnosis HF. Currently, clinical methods for assessing hyperemia are limited. Estimated plasma volumes (ePVS) are considered to be noninvasive and reproducible for assessing hyperemia. EPVS was calculated based on the formula (Strauss, Duarte and Hakim formulas) of conventional variables (body mass, hemoglobin and erythrocyte volume). This article reviewed the progress of ePVS research and discussed the direction of clinical research in monitoring ePVS in the future.