Abstract: Drug-loaded nanoparticles have been used in the process of diagnosis and treatment of diseases, but they lack targeting specificity, most of the drugs they carried cannot reach the target organs after entering the human body and are easily recognized and swallowed by the macrophage system during delivery, making it difficult to acquire satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. Natural cell membrane-coated nanoparticles inherit the specific biological activity of source cells, characterized by low immunogenicity, long half-life, low toxicity, and congenital targeting specificity, which make up for the shortcomings of non-membrane-coated nanoparticles. The drug delivery strategy based on the cell membrane is breaking the traditional concept and becoming a promising way of drug delivery. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, including the typically utilized source cell membranes, the process of preparation and characterization, and their application in inflammatory diseases and tumors, were reviewed in this paper.